Thumbnail of product GA-Z87N-WIFI from brand Gigabyte
Logo of brand Gigabyte

Motherboard Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI

Gigabyte
Computers and accessories
Motherboard

The GA-Z87N-WIFI is a product in the category Computers and accessories, specifically of type Motherboard. We have listed 2 manuals of types User Manual, Installation Guide for product Motherboard Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI. We have also listed 123 specifications for product Motherboard Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI. Have a question about product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI and can't find the answer in the manual(s)? Do not hesitate to contact us.

Manuals of product GA-Z87N-WIFI

First page image of the manual for GA-Z87N-WIFI

User Manual
112 pages
View manual
First page image of the manual for GA-Z87N-WIFI

Installation Guide
72 pages
View manual

Technical Specifications GA-Z87N-WIFI

General Information

Memory

  • Supported memory types
    DDR3-SDRAM
  • Number of housing units for reference
    2
  • Type of support (slot)
    DIMM
  • Memory channels
    Dual channel
  • Voltage memory
    1.5 V
  • ECC
    No
  • Bufferless memory
    Yes
  • Support for memory clock speed
    1333,1600 MHz
  • Maximum internal memory
    16 GB
  • Bufferless memory
    Yes

Processor

  • Processor manufacturer
    Intel
  • Compatible processors
    Intel Celeron, Intel Pentium
  • Maximum number of SMP processors
    1
  • Processor socket (processor receptacle)
    LGA 1150 (Socket H3)
  • Processor socket (processor receptacle)
    LGA 1150 (Socket H3)

Internal I/O

  • Series headsets
    1
  • Series headsets
    1
  • Parallel connector
    No
  • Number of SATA III connectors
    4
  • Front panel audio connector
    Yes
  • Front panel audio connector
    Yes
  • Parallel connector
    No
  • Front panel audio connector
    Yes
  • Series headsets
    1
  • Front panel audio connector
    Yes
  • Series headsets
    1
  • Number of SATA II connectors
    0
  • Parallel connector
    No
  • Number of SATA II connectors
    0
  • Front panel audio connector
    Yes
  • Parallel connector
    No
  • Number of SATA II connectors
    0
  • Number of SATA III connectors
    4
  • Parallel connector
    No
  • Parallel connector
    No
  • Series headsets
    1

Other features

  • Quantity of eSATA/USB 2.0 ports
    0
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Port S/PDIF
    No
  • Quantity of eSATA/USB 2.0 ports
    0
  • Quick Installation Guide
    Yes
  • Quick Installation Guide
    Yes
  • Quick Installation Guide
    Yes

Back panel of I/O ports (Input/Output)

  • Quantity of HDMI ports
    2
  • Number of USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1) type A ports
    4
  • Quantity of HDMI ports
    2
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Number of DVI-D/DVI-I ports
    1
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Headset output
    5
  • S/PDIF output port
    Yes
  • S/PDIF output port
    Yes
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Quantity of HDMI ports
    2
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Quantity of HDMI ports
    2
  • Number of DVI-D/DVI-I ports
    1
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • Quantity of Thunderbolt ports
    0
  • HDMI version
    1.4a

Features

  • Component for
    PC
  • Product component family
    Intel
  • Motherboard chipset
    Intel® Z87
  • Motherboard form factor
    mini ATX
  • Cooling type
    Passive
  • Monitoring of PC functionality
    CPU, FAN, Temperature
  • Audio output channels
    7.1 channels
  • Audio chip
    Realtek ALC892
  • Support for the Windows operating system
    Yes
  • Power supply type
    ATX

Storage controller

  • Supported storage reader interfaces
    SATA
  • RAID Levels
    SATA II
  • SATA III
  • 0
  • 1.5
  • 10

Special features of the processor

  • TPM chip (Trusted Platform Module)
    No
  • Intel Graphics processor with the necessary technology
    Yes
  • Intel Graphics processor with the necessary technology
    Yes

Graphique

  • Parallel Processing Technology
    Not supported
  • Discrete graphic support
    Yes
  • Graphics adapter
    HD Graphics
  • Discrete graphic support
    Yes
  • Graphics adapter family
    Intel
  • Maximum resolution
    4096 x 2160 pixels
  • Discrete graphic support
    Yes

Extension connectors

  • Mini PCI Express Locations
    1
  • Mini PCI Express Locations
    1
  • Version of PCI Express locations
    3.0
  • PCI Express Configurations
    1x16

Weight and dimensions

  • Depth
    170 mm
  • Depth
    170 mm

Packaging contents

  • Cables included
    SATA
  • Drivers included
    Yes

Network

  • Bluetooth
    Yes
  • Bluetooth
    Yes
  • Bluetooth
    Yes
  • Type of Ethernet interface
    Gigabit Ethernet
  • Wifi standards
    802.11b, 802.11g, Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n)
  • Bluetooth model
    4.0

BIOS

  • BIOS Type
    EFI AMI
  • Memory capacity of the BIOS
    64 Mbit
  • ACPI Version
    2.0a
  • CMOS erase driver
    Yes

Similar products

Gigabyte Z390 AORUS Ultra
2
Gigabyte Computers and accessories Motherboard
Thumbnail of product Gigabyte Z390 AORUS Ultra
Discover the technical sheet of Z390 AORUS Ultra from Gigabyte and its manuals...
Available manuals:

Gigabyte Z390 Aorus Elite
2
Gigabyte Computers and accessories Motherboard
Thumbnail of product Gigabyte Z390 Aorus Elite
Discover the technical sheet of Z390 Aorus Elite from Gigabyte and its manuals...
Available manuals:

Gigabyte Z390 UD
2
Gigabyte Computers and accessories Motherboard
Thumbnail of product Gigabyte Z390 UD
Discover the technical sheet of Z390 UD from Gigabyte and its manuals...
Available manuals:

Gigabyte GA-5EASV-RH
1
Gigabyte Computers and accessories Motherboard
Thumbnail of product Gigabyte GA-5EASV-RH
Discover the technical sheet of GA-5EASV-RH from Gigabyte and its manuals...
Available manuals:

Gigabyte Z390 Aorus Pro
2
Gigabyte Computers and accessories Motherboard
Thumbnail of product Gigabyte Z390 Aorus Pro
Discover the technical sheet of Z390 Aorus Pro from Gigabyte and its manuals...
Available manuals:

Gigabyte GA-3CCWL-RH
1
Gigabyte Computers and accessories Motherboard
Thumbnail of product Gigabyte GA-3CCWL-RH
Discover the technical sheet of GA-3CCWL-RH from Gigabyte and its manuals...
Available manuals:

Asrock N68-VS3
1
Asrock Computers and accessories Motherboard
Thumbnail of product Asrock N68-VS3
Discover the technical sheet of N68-VS3 from Asrock and its manuals...
Available manuals:

More product categories from brand Gigabyte

More product types from brand Gigabyte

Presentation of product GA-Z87N-WIFI specifications from brand Gigabyte

Generalities

The brand of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is Gigabyte. This brand is known for its quality and innovation in the field of household appliances. The product model Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is GA-Z87N-WIFI | GA-Z87N-WIFI. This model ensures optimal performance and an enhanced user experience. The EAN code of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0132017758602, 0818313017697, 4719331820336, 8183130176974. This code allows for the unique identification of the product in the distribution system.

Processor

The maximum number of SMP processors for the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 1. This feature allows for optimizing performance and task management on the system. The processor manufacturer of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is Intel. This manufacturer is known for its performance and reliability in the field of information technology. The support for the processor sockets of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains LGA 1150 (Emplacement H3). This support allows for optimal compatibility with various processors. The compatible processor of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains Intel Celeron, Intel Pentium. This processor ensures optimal performance for your computing needs. The processor socket of the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains LGA 1150 (Emplacement H3). This socket is designed to ensure an optimal connection between the processor and the motherboard.

Memory

The type of memory supported by the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is DDR3-SDRAM. This type of memory ensures optimal performance for your applications. The memory channel of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is Double canal. This channel allows for better performance and optimized data management. The type of support for the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is DIMM. This type of support is essential to ensure compatibility and performance of the memory. The number of memory units for the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 2. This product allows for optimizing memory management for enhanced performance. The voltage memory of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 1.5 V. This specification ensures optimal performance and compatibility with modern systems. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have ECC? Non. This feature allows for the detection and correction of memory errors, thus ensuring better data reliability. The maximum internal memory of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 16 Go. This capacity allows for the storage of a large amount of data, applications, and multimedia files. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a Buffered Memory? Oui. This feature helps improve system performance and stability. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a Non-ECC? Oui. This specification indicates that the memory does not have error correction, which may be sufficient for common applications. The clock speed memory support of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 1333,1600 MHz. This specification ensures optimal performance for your applications and games.

Internal I/O

The product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains 2 USB 2.0 connectors. These connectors allow for fast and efficient data transmission, ideal for your internal connectivity needs. The product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1) connectors 1. These connectors provide high data transfer speeds, ideal for modern devices. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a fan power connector? Non. This connector is essential for ensuring the proper functioning of the fan. The number of SATA connectors of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 4. This feature allows for optimizing connectivity and expanding storage devices. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have an S/PDIF output connector? Oui. This connector allows for high-quality digital audio transmission. Does the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a CPU FAN Connector? Oui. This connector allows you to connect the processor fan to ensure optimal cooling. The number of COM connectors of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is Non. This connector allows for effective communication with other devices. The number of EATX connectors of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 1. This connector is essential for ensuring a stable and efficient connection within your system. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a chassis intrusion connector? Oui. This connector allows for the detection of chassis openings, thereby providing enhanced security for your system. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have an ATX connector (24-pin)? Oui. This connector is essential for powering the motherboard and ensuring optimal operation of your system. The number of connectors for the fan of the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI case is 1. This number helps optimize cooling and air circulation inside the case. The number of IEEE1394 connectors of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. These connectors allow for a fast and efficient connection for various devices. Does the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a CD/AUX audio input? Non. This feature allows for easy connection of external audio devices for an enhanced listening experience. The number of Parallel ATA connectors of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This product does not have any connectors of this type, which can be an advantage for those looking for a simplified setup. Does the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a front panel audio connector? Oui. This connector allows for easy connection of audio devices to the front panel of the device. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a TPM Connector? Non. This connector is essential for ensuring data security within your system. The number of SATA II connectors of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This specification determines the capacity to integrate additional storage devices. The number of SATA III connectors of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 4. These connectors allow for a fast and efficient connection of hard drives and SSDs. Does the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have an EPS power connector (8-pin)? Non. This connector is essential for efficiently powering the components of your system. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a parallel connector? Non. This connector allows for an efficient and fast connection between multiple devices. The number of product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI port heads is 1. These heads enable effective communication between the various internal components.

Other features

The number of MSATA ports of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This port allows for a fast and efficient connection for your storage needs. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have an EZ-Plug Connector? Non. This connector makes electrical connections quick and secure. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a game/MIDI connector? Non. This connector allows for easy connection with gaming devices and MIDI equipment, thus providing an enhanced user experience. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a floppy disk drive connector? Non. This connector allows for easy and quick connection with floppy disk drives, ensuring optimal compatibility. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have Slot IPMI 2.0? Non. This specification allows for efficient remote management of servers. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a CF Card Connector (CompactFlash)? Non. This connector allows compatibility with CompactFlash memory cards, thus providing a reliable and high-performance storage solution. Does the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have Slot CNR? Non. This feature allows for additional functionalities to be added to the product. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have an S/PDIF input connector? Non. This connector allows for high-quality digital audio transmission. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have the DPS Connector (Dual Power System)? Non. This connector allows for redundant power supply for better reliability. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have the AMR Connector (Audio Modem Rise)? Non. This connector allows for high-quality audio transmission. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a serial port via internal connector? Oui. This feature allows for easy and quick connection with other devices. Does the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have an S/PDIF port? Non. This port allows for a high-quality digital audio connection. The number of eSATA/USB 2.0 ports of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. Therefore, this product has no eSATA/USB 2.0 ports, which may be a factor to consider based on your connectivity needs. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a Quick Installation Guide? Oui. This guide will help you easily install the product by following clear and concise steps. Does the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have DVI dual-link? Oui. This specification allows for high-quality video data transmission.

Features

The component for the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is PC. This component is essential to ensure compatibility and proper functioning of the device. The motherboard of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains Intel® Z87. This motherboard is equipped with a high-performance chipset to ensure excellent resource management and optimal performance. The product component Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI belongs to the product component family Intel. This specification ensures compatibility and optimal performance of the device. The motherboard format of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is mini ATX. This format determines the size and layout of the components, thus providing customization and performance options tailored to your needs. The cooling type of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is active. This system ensures optimal temperature management for improved performance. The monitoring system for the proper functioning of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI includes FAN, Temperature, Voltage. This system ensures optimal performance by monitoring the essential parameters of your computer. The product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI features an audio chip Realtek ALC892. This chip ensures optimal sound quality for an immersive audio experience. The audio output channels of the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI are 7.1 canaux. This specification allows for an immersive and high-quality sound experience. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI support the Windows operating system? Oui. This feature ensures optimal compatibility with Windows systems, providing a smooth and uninterrupted user experience. The type of power source for the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is ATX. This type of power supply ensures optimal performance and efficient use of the device.

Storage controller

The storage support of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains supported storage reader interfaces: SATA, SATA II, SATA III. These interfaces ensure optimal compatibility with various storage devices. The RAID levels of the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI product are 0, 1, 10. These RAID levels offer different configurations to optimize performance and data security.

Back panel of I/O ports (Input/Output)

The number of USB 2.0 ports on the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 2. These ports allow for a fast and efficient connection for your devices. The number of Ethernet LAN (RJ-45) ports of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 2. These ports provide a stable and fast network connection for your devices. The product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI has 0 Type A USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1) ports. This specification allows for the connection of various devices with optimal transfer speed. The number of eSATA ports on the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This port allows for a fast and efficient connection for your external storage devices. The number of parallel ports of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. Therefore, this product does not have parallel ports. The RJ11 port of the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains 0. This port allows for an efficient connection for telephone lines. The number of PS/2 ports of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 1. This feature allows for easy and quick connection with compatible devices. The number of serial ports of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This number of serial ports allows for efficient connectivity for your devices. The number of IEEE 1394/Firewire ports on the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. These ports allow for a fast and efficient connection for various devices. The headphone output of the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is %. This output allows for easy connection of headphones or a headset for an optimal audio experience. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a microphone jack input? No. This feature means that the product does not allow connecting a microphone via a jack. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have an S/PDIF output port? Oui. This feature allows for a high-quality digital audio connection. The number of VGA (D-Sub) ports on the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This port allows for easy connection with various devices and monitors. The number of COM ports of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This feature allows for increased connectivity for various devices. The Jack WIFI-AP antenna of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains 2. This Jack antenna is essential for ensuring an optimal wireless connection. The product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI does not have DVI-D ports. This feature may be important depending on your connectivity needs. The product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI has a digital audio output (optical) of 0. This output allows for high-quality audio transmission, ideal for home theater systems and high-end audio equipment. The number of HDMI ports on the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 2. This detail is essential for determining compatibility with your multimedia devices. The number of DVI-D/DVI-I ports of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 1. This feature determines compatibility with various screens and video equipment. The number of DisplayPort interfaces of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This specification allows for optimal connectivity with various devices. The number of Thunderbolt ports on the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 0. This feature helps to determine connectivity and compatibility with other devices. The product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI has an HDMI Version 1.4a. This specification ensures optimal connectivity for your multimedia devices.

Special features of the processor

Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a TPM (Trusted Platform Module) chip? Non. This chip provides an enhanced level of security to protect your sensitive data. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have Intel Graphics Processor with the necessary technology? Oui. This processor offers optimized graphics performance for a smooth and immersive visual experience. The processor of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI features Intel's HD Technology. This technology enhances graphic quality and makes multimedia experiences smoother and more immersive.

Graphique

The Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI processor does not support parallel processing technology. This feature may limit certain performance in applications requiring simultaneous processing. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have an integrated graphics card? Oui. This feature allows for optimizing graphics performance without requiring a dedicated card. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have HDCP? Oui. This specification ensures the protection of digital content against unauthorized copying. The product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI has a HD Graphics graphics adapter. This adapter enhances visual performance and ensures optimal compatibility with various devices. The graphics adapter family of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI includes Intel. This specification ensures optimal graphics performance for an enhanced user experience. The maximum resolution of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 4096 x 2160 pixels. This resolution ensures prints of exceptional clarity, ideal for all your professional and personal needs. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a discreet graphic support? Oui. This support allows for a harmonious and discreet integration into your space.

Extension connectors

The version of the PCI Express slots of the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 3.0. This specification ensures optimal compatibility with modern components. The Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI has 2 Mini PCI Express slots. These slots allow for easy addition of expansion cards to enhance the device's connectivity and features. The Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI has 1 PCI Express x16 slot. This type of expansion connector allows for the installation of graphics cards and other high-performance peripherals to enhance your system's capabilities. The PCI Express configuration of the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 1x16. This configuration allows for optimal flexibility and performance for applications requiring high bandwidth.

Weight and dimensions

The width of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 170 mm. This dimension is essential to ensure optimal integration into your space. The depth of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 170 mm. This dimension allows for optimal integration into your space.

Packaging contents

The included cable of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains a power plug. This cable is essential for ensuring an optimal electrical connection. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI come with included Drivers? Oui. This ensures an easy and quick installation.

Network

Does the Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have Bluetooth? Oui. This feature allows for a convenient wireless connection with other compatible devices. The Wifi of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains Oui. This Wifi allows for a fast and reliable wireless connection for all your devices. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have Ethernet/LAN? Oui. This specification determines the network connectivity of the product. The Ethernet interface type of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is Gigabit Ethernet. This type of interface allows for fast and efficient network connections. The wifi standard of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI contains 802.11b, 802.11g, Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n). This wifi standard ensures a fast and reliable connection for all your devices. The Bluetooth model of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 4.0. This model ensures fast and efficient connectivity for your devices.

BIOS

The BIOS type of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is EFI AMI. This type of BIOS is essential for the proper functioning and compatibility of your system. Does the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI have a CMOS clear jumper? Oui. This component allows you to reset the BIOS settings, thus ensuring optimal operation of your system. The ACPI version of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 2.0a. This version ensures advanced power management and sleep features. The memory capacity of the BIOS of the product Gigabyte GA-Z87N-WIFI is 64 Mbit. This specification ensures optimal performance and efficient management of system resources.